Evidence base
Working research on policy effects, with source references and recorded uncertainty. These pages are not approved project recommendations.
199 of 226 topics published; 27 are not yet published.
199 topics
- Abortion Access and Reproductive Health Outcomes
Distance to a clinic is the best-measured lever on this page.
- Ad Delivery Audits by Age Group for Job Advertising
The sources on this page contain no direct audit of ad delivery by age group for job ads.
- Adult Fracture Incidence and Bone Health Outcomes in Transgender Adults
The sources on this page give a partial picture of bone outcomes in transgender adults on gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT).
- Affirmative Action Bans
The strongest evidence is on enrollment and admission.
- AI Hiring Bias by Demographic Axis Beyond Gender
The strongest measured evidence on this page is one controlled experiment on age.
- ALPR Effects on Auto Theft Arrests Specifically
The evidence on arrests for auto theft is thin and points in two directions.
- ALPR Effects on Crime and Case Clearance
All claims on this page come from one source: a 2025 review by Cynthia M.
- ARCH Trial Adjudicated Cardiovascular Event Counts
The evidence on this topic is thin.
- Audit Studies of LLM and Resume-Screening Algorithms
Audit studies of LLM-based resume screening find race and gender differences in how identical resumes are ranked.
- Automated Traffic Enforcement and Road Safety
Fixed-location speed cameras produce the most consistent finding on this page: collisions, injuries, and deaths near camera sites go down.
- Bail Pretrial Reform
Across the strongest-designed studies here, pretrial detention and cash-only bail move a defendant through the system toward conviction and incarceration.
- Balance Diagnostics Beyond Standardized Means
The only source here that speaks directly to balance diagnostics is a 2026 arXiv paper by Usef Faghihi.
- Base-Rate-Adjusted Racial Error-Rate Disparities in Pretrial Risk Tools
Arnold (2022) decomposes the release-rate gap between white and Black defendants using quasi-random assignment of defendants to bail judges, after adjusting for misconduct risk (the base rate).
- Baseline/Base-Rate Transition-to-Psychosis Figures for CHR Cohorts
Across clinical high-risk (CHR/ARMS/UHR) cohorts, the reported rate of transition to a full psychotic disorder rises with length of follow-up.
- Biological Mechanism of Sclerostin Inhibition and Cardiovascular Risk
Romosozumab inhibits sclerostin, an endogenous inhibitor of Wnt signaling.
- Blight and Land Rehabilitation Incentives
The strongest body of evidence on land rehabilitation concerns vacant lot remediation and crime, built on cluster-randomized trials run in Philadelphia.
- Blind/Anonymized Hiring Field Experiments (Identity Withheld)
The strongest causal evidence on blind/anonymized hiring comes from a single quasi-experiment on orchestra auditions, where a physical screen conceals a candidate's identity — including gender — from…
- Bone Outcomes After Gonadectomy with and Without Estrogen Replacement
The sources on this page agree on direction: estrogen protects bone, and losing it decreases bone density.
- Bone-Targeted Agents (Denosumab, Bisphosphonates) in Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease
Bisphosphonates decrease skeletal-related events (SREs) in multiple myeloma.
- Campaign Finance and Public Financing
The clearest causal evidence on this page comes from Citizens United as a natural experiment.
- Cannabidiol Trials in CHR-P
The page has one source of treatment-outcome evidence on cannabidiol (CBD) in people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P).
- Carbon Tax Revenue Awareness (INFRAS 2015) Study Context and Country
The evidence on this page comes from Switzerland.
- Causal Identification of Income Effect on Mortality (IV or Natural Experiment)
One study uses an instrumental-variable design — a distance-from-target instrument — to identify the causal effect of secondary-care (hospital) expenditure on mortality.
- Causal Mechanism Linking District Boundaries to Health/Insurance Outcomes
The most direct evidence on district-boundary mechanisms comes from a descriptive network analysis of inter-district hospital-seeking behavior.
- CBT-I Trials with Psychosis Conversion as the Outcome
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) shows no measured effect on conversion to psychosis in people at clinical high risk (CHR-P).
- CDP Metric Definition and Formula
The claims below extracted under "CDP" describe four unrelated metrics — a fairness-in-machine-learning statistic, a multiple sclerosis disability-progression endpoint, an esophageal-motility landmar…
- Circulating Sclerostin Levels and Vascular Calcification in Dialysis Patients
The sources agree that circulating sclerostin is higher in people with kidney failure.
- Clinician-Reported Care Delays and Linked Patient Outcomes Under Abortion Bans
The evidence here is mostly clinician reports of delay.
- Cognitive Remediation and Social Cognition Training in Clinical High-Risk Populations
The evidence base for cognitive remediation (CR) in clinical high-risk (ultra-high-risk, UHR) populations is small.
- Collective Bargaining Union Effects
Across countries, the strength of collective bargaining coverage tracks wage inequality closely: coverage alone accounts for 50 percent of the cross-national variance in the P1/P10 earnings ratio acr…
- Community Health Centers and Clinic Funding Requirements
Community health centers (CHCs) that operate under a federal funding condition requiring emphasis on primary care serve populations with measurably better outcomes than comparably deprived population…
- Comparative Political Economy of Dividend-Based versus Earmarked-Transfer Designs
Across a set of preference studies, the evidence consistently shows that when people are asked how they would like tax or policy revenue used, environmental earmarking is the most preferred option in…
- Conservation and Parks Funding
The strongest funding-mechanism evidence comes from payments-for-ecosystem-services (PES) programs, and it converges on a single mechanism: continuity and certainty of payment change land-manager beh…
- Controlled or Quasi-Experimental Estimates of Supervised Consumption Site Mortality
The individual-level evidence on supervised consumption sites (SCS) comes from one quasi-experimental study (Lambdin 2022) using propensity score weighting to compare people who used an SCS against p…
- Correlation Between Objective Comprehension Test Scores and Self-Reported Reading Comprehension
The core empirical question — whether people's self-rated understanding of a text tracks their actual, tested comprehension of it — has direct measurement in one study.
- Cost and Public Acceptance Data for Jurisdictions That Implemented Popular Judicial Selection
Three machine-extracted claims are available, and all three concern public awareness of, willingness to complete, and registration of living wills and advance directives in mainland China — not cost…
- Cross-Country Differences in Acceptance of Carbon Tax Rebates
The sources on this page do not compare countries.
- Dialysis-Cohort Imaging Studies of Sclerostin and Calcification Scores
The sources here link circulating sclerostin to vascular calcification in dialysis and kidney disease cohorts, but the direction depends on the calcification site and the population.
- Direct Comparison of Carbon-Dividend vs Earmarked-Spending Designs on Public Support
The sources on this page measure public preference over how carbon tax revenue is used.
- Direct Empirical Comparison of CHR (Clinical-High-Risk) Samples versus Population Samples
Two independent lines of evidence bear on how CHR (clinical-high-risk) samples differ from comparison populations at the level of observable behavior: automated speech analysis and psychosocial/traum…
- Direct-Democracy Rules: Supermajority and Single-Subject Gates
The available evidence on supermajority requirements comes from a single formal/simulation study of legislative decision-making under polarization (Millar-Sáez 2026).
- Disability and Age as Axes in Algorithmic Hiring Audits
The sources on this page are mostly reviews and conceptual papers.
- Distributional Balance Diagnostics for Causal Inference
The sources on this page agree on one mechanism.
- Distributional Incidence of Carbon Tax Dividends
The sources here are mostly simulations, plus one experiment on public support.
- Documentary Proof of Citizenship Registration
The evidence on documentary proof of citizenship comes from a single source tracing legal history in Burma/Myanmar and India, and it converges on one pattern: documentation requirements do not functi…
- Down Payment Assistance and Homebuyer Loan Programs
Programs that lower the cash a borrower must bring to closing — FHA and VA loans, and more broadly the availability of very-low-down-payment mortgage products — concentrate access for lower-income an…
- Downstream Pretrial Outcomes by Race for Detained vs. Released Defendants
Across the sources gathered here, pretrial detention shows a consistent positive association with worse downstream case outcomes, and those outcomes diverge by race in some measures but not others.
- Downstream Real-World Harm from NLP Gender Bias
The clearest quantified evidence on this topic sits inside coreference resolution.
- Drug Holidays and Treatment Discontinuation Effects on MRONJ Incidence
For a drug holiday taken before a tooth extraction or other invasive dental procedure, the pooled evidence finds no measured difference in MRONJ incidence.
- Drug Policy Criminalization versus Treatment
The clearest and most heavily replicated line of evidence in this set concerns arrests, not overdose or health outcomes: across a systematic review of drug policy reforms, decriminalization and harm-…
- Education Savings Accounts and School Vouchers
The clearest empirical signal in these sources is a null result on test scores.
- Effect of Body-Worn Cameras and Consent Decrees on Racial Disparities in Policing
The evidence set for this topic does not contain a single measured effect of body-worn cameras (BWCs) or consent decrees on racial or ethnic disparities in policing outcomes.
- Effect of Carbon Tax Rebate Design on Public Support in British Columbia
The sources on this page are one paper: Mildenberger (2022), in Nature Climate Change.
- Effect of Early Intervention Program Enrollment on CHR/UHR Transition to Psychosis
One tier-A prospective cohort study of 125 ultra-high-risk (UHR) individuals in an early intervention program supplies all three claims on this page.
- Effect of Telehealth and Mailed Pills on the Distance-to-Clinic Abortion Response
Telehealth and mailed pills change how far patients travel, and the studies here measure that most directly in pre-post designs.
- Effect Size of Denosumab versus Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal-Related Events in Myeloma
The main trial in newly diagnosed myeloma met its prespecified non-inferiority endpoint.
- Effects of Blind or Anonymized Resume Review on the Racial and Gender Callback Gap
The claims here split into two bodies of evidence that measure different things: what happens to minority hiring when resumes are anonymized, and what produces the racial callback gap in ordinary (no…
- Emergency Dispatch Response Time and Survival
The strongest and most consistent pattern in these sources is a dose-response relationship between elapsed time and cardiac-arrest outcomes, reported across several intervals in the resuscitation cha…
- Empirical (Non-Simulation) Studies of Supermajority Thresholds in Direct Democracy
The claims retrieved for this topic come entirely from a single 2026 arXiv paper (Millar-Sáez) built on an agent-based simulation of legislative decision-making — not from observed, real-world direct…
- Empirical Change in Published Estimates After Common-Support Restriction
The sources on this page measure how an estimate changes when the analysis is restricted to a narrower set of comparable units.
- Empirical Studies Measuring BWC Effects on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Stops and Use of Force
The evidence on body-worn cameras (BWCs) and racial disparities comes almost entirely from one source, a difference-in-differences study of BWC deployment across 22 Chicago police districts in 2016-2…
- Employer Diversity-Consciousness Selection Effects in Blind-Hiring Field Experiments
The evidence on this topic comes from a single tier-A randomized experiment in veterinary medicine (Begeny 2020), which tested how managers evaluate identical employee profiles that differ only in th…
- Environmental Review and Permitting Delay
The claims collected here on environmental review and permitting delay are qualitative and associational rather than quantified.
- Explanation for Anxiety Outcome Discrepancy Between Small Clinical and Large Population Samples
Sources on this page point to several distinct, non-competing explanations for why anxiety-related findings from small or clinical samples diverge from findings in larger or population-level samples,…
- Felony Disenfranchisement and Rights Restoration
A single randomized mailing that informs recently released felons in a rights-restoration state that they are eligible to vote increases registration by 1.8 percentage points and turnout by 0.9 perce…
- Femoral Neck and Total Hip BMD Outcomes in Transgender Women on Feminizing Hormone Therapy
Across the sources on this page, feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) shows no measured effect on femoral neck (FN) or total hip (TH) bone mineral density (BMD) when studies track chang…
- Field-Deployed Algorithmic Pretrial Risk-Assessment Outcomes
Across three widely-studied instruments — COMPAS, the Public Safety Assessment (PSA), and the Virginia Pretrial Risk Assessment Instrument (VPRAI) — the evidence agrees on direction more than it disa…
- Financial and Staffing Outcomes of Unbillable CoCM Care Manager Time in FQHCs
Care manager time in Collaborative Care Model (CoCM) billing splits into billable and unbillable minutes according to billing-code time thresholds, and that split differs by clinic type and by which…
- Firearms Regulation
The clearest, highest-confidence result in this set is Australia's 1996 National Firearms Agreement: zero mass shootings in the 10.5 years after the law, against 13 in the 18 years before it — a resu…
- Flock Cameras and Automated License Plate Recognition: Surveillance, Public Safety, and Oversight
The sources on this page are a single descriptive paper on Flock Safety's ALPR system (Jeba Sania, 2026).
- Foreign Ownership Restrictions on Farmland
The available evidence on restricting land transfers to outside groups comes almost entirely from one source (Li 2010), a historical-comparative review of colonial land-tenure regimes, supplemented b…
- Fracture and Skeletal-Related Event Rates During Antiresorptive Drug Holidays
The sources on this page are thin.
- Fracture Incidence and Long-Term Fracture Risk in Transgender Women on Feminizing Hormone Therapy
The clearest signal in the sources is that fracture risk in trans women on feminizing hormone therapy (HT) depends on both age and which reference group is used for comparison.
- Fracture Risk Reduction by Skeletal Site Under Osteoanabolic Therapy
Romosozumab decreases vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
- Gender-Bias Evaluation Experiments Outside Veterinary Medicine and in Actual Hiring Decisions
The strongest causal evidence on this page comes from a single natural experiment far outside NLP or medicine: the adoption of blind (screened) auditions in symphony orchestras.
- Gender-Identity Policy: Youth Medical Care and Sports Eligibility
The largest concentration of evidence on medical interventions covers mental-health outcomes of puberty blockers (PBs) and gender-affirming hormones (GAHs) in transgender and nonbinary youth, and it…
- Generalizability of the Philadelphia Vacant Lot RCT (Branas/Moyer) to Other Cities
The evidence on the Branas/Moyer-style Philadelphia vacant lot intervention itself is thin and single-city.
- Geographic Replication of Racial-Differential Charter Effects Outside North Caro
The claims here come from two multi-site descriptive studies and one Boston lottery study.
- Higher Education Funding and Bonds
Across three sources spanning the UK, Australia, and the United States, public per-student funding for higher education has moved in one direction: down, and more sharply during recessions than at ot…
- Hiring and Labor Market Discrimination
The best-replicated result in this literature is the resume-audit callback gap by race.
- Household Heterogeneity Within Income Deciles (Rural, Heating Fuel, Vehicle Dependence)
The sources on this page do not measure household differences by rurality, heating fuel or vehicle ownership within income deciles directly.
- Housing: supply vs subsidy
On the supply side, land-use regulation is the most contested policy lever in these sources.
- Identity-Blind Hiring Through Interviews and Later Hiring Stages
The evidence on identity-blind procedures in hiring stages beyond resume screening comes from one setting: symphony orchestra auditions, where a physical screen conceals a candidate's identity from t…
- Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Effects on Published Effect Sizes
The sources on this page show that choices about which studies, patients, or observations to include can change a reported effect size.
- Income Tax Cuts
Cross-country panel evidence puts income taxes below corporate taxes but above consumption taxes on a scale of harm to long-run growth: comparing tax types, Johansson (2008) finds corporate taxes are…
- Income-Mortality Gradient in Female Cohorts or Non-Canadian Pension Populations
Across the sources gathered here, a higher-income population consistently shows lower mortality than a lower-income population, and the gradient holds whether the comparison is by income quintile wit…
- Individual-Level Longitudinal Data on School Competition and Test-Score Inequality
The available evidence on this topic covers teacher mobility in relation to school-level student achievement, not school competition or test-score inequality directly.
- Input Variables and Validation Studies for the VPRAI and Similar Pretrial Risk-Assessment Tools
The sources agree on what goes into the tools.
- Intersectional Fairness Measurement in Hiring Algorithms
Single-axis audits can miss bias that a combined analysis shows.
- Judicial Selection: Elected versus Appointed Courts
The claims on this page split into two bodies of evidence that never directly test each other.
- Lamina Dura Thickening and MRONJ Risk
Antiresorptive drug (ARD) therapy increases the prevalence of lamina dura thickening.
- Lead Service Lines and Drinking Water Infrastructure
The clearest individual-level evidence on lead service lines (LSLs) comes from Milwaukee, where 54.1% of residences (653 of 1,207) had LSLs.
- Legislative Term Limits
The claims on this page come from a single study — H.
- Legislator Compensation and Candidate Quality
Across a single body of evidence, higher legislator wages are linked to more and better-qualified candidates entering races, and to more and better-qualified legislators being elected.
- Leukhina (2024) Study Population and Design
Two PLoS ONE studies (2024) supply the population and design detail extracted for this topic, both drawn from large Chinese survey instruments and both restricted to fertility-relevant age bands.
- Local Immigration Enforcement
State-level cooperation agreements between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities produce a measurable increase in enforcement activity.
- Local Tax Supermajority Requirements
The clearest empirical pattern in these claims comes from panel data with state and year fixed effects: introducing a two-thirds supermajority requirement is associated with a 0.6 percentage point de…
- Long Term Care Facility Capital Investment
The clearest capital-investment findings on this topic come from a cross-sectional study of 3,315 Chinese long-term care facilities (Xu 2025), which uses multivariable linear regression to associate…
- Long-Run Price Elasticity of Demand for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Across every source in this set, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) demand moves in the same direction with price: consumption decreases as price rises.
- Long-Term (Beyond ~5 Years) Safety Data on Prolonged GnRH Agonist Use and Bone Mass
The five claims here describe two different GnRH drug classes — agonists (goserelin) and antagonists — both used with concurrent add-back hormone therapy, and they disagree with each other on the cor…
- Long-Term (Multi-Year) Purchase and Substitution Effects of the Mexican SSB Tax
Multiple independent data sources agree on the core direction: Mexico's 2014 SSB excise tax reduced purchases of taxed sugar-sweetened beverages, and the reduction grew larger from the first year to…
- Long-Term (Multi-Year/Adult) Outcomes of Pediatric Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy
The strongest and most consistent evidence in this set concerns continuation of treatment, not health outcomes: in a Dutch cohort of 720 people who began gender-affirming medical treatment in adolesc…
- Long-Term Follow-up of Preventive Interventions in CHR-P Populations
The sources on this page describe the natural course of the clinical high-risk state for psychosis (CHR-P) well.
- Long-Term Functional and Remission Outcomes After CHR-P
The sources on this page measure how people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) fare when they do not transition to psychosis.
- Long-Term Physical Health Outcomes from a Prospective Cohort Followed from Puberty
A meta-analysis of childhood maltreatment (Norman 2012) links physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect to sexually transmitted infections and risky sexual behavior later in life, with physical ab…
- Longitudinal Bone Density Outcomes in Transgender Youth Continuing GnRH Agonist Treatment
The single reviewed source describes a consistent mechanical picture for bone mineral density (BMD) during GnRH agonist (GnRHa) treatment in transgender and gender-diverse (RMAB) adolescents, but sto…
- Longitudinal Epidemiologic Studies of Cancer and IIH Risk Following Long-Term Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy
The evidence on vitamin D status and cancer risk splits along methodology.
- Longitudinal Persistence of Charter and Voucher Test-Score Effects Beyond 4-5 Years
The claims on this page come from one source, a literature review by Sarah Cohodes (2021, NBER).
- Measured Statistical Power of Small-Sample Anxiety Validation and Intervention Studies
Across neuroimaging, randomized trials, quasi-experiments, and meta-analyses of anxiety-related outcomes, small sample size recurs as the dominant constraint on statistical power.
- Mechanism of Differential Bone Response by Skeletal Site (Spine vs Femoral Neck/Hip)
Across three independent bodies of evidence — a retrospective human cohort on romosozumab, three meta-analytic comparisons covering abaloparatide and sequential anabolic-then-antiresorptive regimens,…
- Medicaid Expansion
The strongest and most consistent finding across sources is that Medicaid expansion decreases mortality, and several independent studies converge on similar magnitudes.
- Mexico SSB Tax and Measured Obesity/Health Outcomes
The best-documented empirical result on this topic is what happened to purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) after Mexico introduced a 10% excise tax in 2014.
- Minimum Wage
The employment literature on minimum wage increases does not point in one direction.
- MRONJ Incidence at Low-Dose Antiresorptive Therapy for Osteoporosis
In osteoporosis patients on antiresorptive therapy, measured MRONJ incidence is low.
- Multi-Jurisdiction Replication of VPRAI Racial Detention-Recommendation Gaps
In the federal court system, Black defendants are 8.7 percentage points more likely than white defendants to receive a custodial sentence, and the average custodial sentence for Black defendants is a…
- Municipal Library Service Access and Literacy
The strongest current evidence on public libraries and health-related literacy comes from a single institutional ethnography (Jenkins, 2022) built on interviews and drawings with 13 child informants…
- Muscle Memory Mechanisms (Myonuclei Permanence, Epigenetic Marks) in Transgender Athletes
Muscle memory mechanisms specific to transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) have not been directly studied.
- Myeloma-Specific SRE Hazard Ratios from Pooled Bone-Agent Trials
The pooled evidence on denosumab versus zoledronic acid in myeloma points one way.
- Nursing Home Mergers and Acquisitions Effects on Staffing and Quality Outcomes
Cross-sectional comparisons of ownership type find that large for-profit nursing home chains carry lower nurse staffing and more regulatory problems than government-owned facilities.
- NYC Local Law 144 Bias Audit Results
Local Law 144 requires bias audits of automated hiring tools, and the sources here describe what those audits contain and what they leave out.
- Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Incidence with Bisphosphonates and Denosumab
The only source on this page reports MRONJ (medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) incidence in high-dose antiresorptive drug (ARD) use in cancer settings.
- Outcome Audits of Deployed AI Hiring Systems Using Actual Protected Demographic Data
The sources here are thin on the exact question, which is outcome audits of deployed AI hiring systems that use actual protected demographic data.
- Overlap and Common-Support Trimming in Observational Causal Estimates
Propensity score methods can only compare units that have a realistic chance of receiving either treatment.
- Owner Response Magnitude to Escalating Vacancy Fees
None of the machine-extracted claims available for this page measure owner response to vacancy fees directly.
- Parental Curriculum Notification and Opt-Out
When schools notify parents about curriculum materials for sex education, most contacted parents do not follow through to view them.
- Permanent Trust Fund Investment and Payout Rules
The best-covered outcome is whether resource-revenue sovereign wealth funds change government fiscal behavior, and the answer here is not settled.
- Pharmacological Interventions in CHR-P (Antipsychotics, Omega-3)
The randomized evidence on antipsychotics in people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) finds no measured effect on transition to psychosis.
- Plain Language Summary Effect Sizes on Comprehension
Two separate experimental literatures speak to plain-language summary effects here.
- Population-Level Overdose Mortality Effects of Drug Decriminalization
The only population-level mortality data in these sources come from a single case: Portugal, before and after its 2001 decriminalization law.
- Positivity Violations and Covariate-Balance Diagnostics in Applied Studies
Causal estimates from observational data rest on two conditions the sources treat as baseline.
- Post-Dobbs Maternal and Infant Mortality Rates by State Ban Status
The sources here do not agree on whether post-Dobbs ban status changed maternal or infant mortality.
- Post-Hoc Power Calculations for Null Anxiety/Depression Intervention Trials
Two meta-analytic sources address whether post-hoc power calculations are used to characterize the reliability of anxiety/depression intervention trials, and they take opposite positions on the pract…
- Prevalence of Specification Sensitivity Across Meta-Analyses
The sources on this page address one question: how often do analytic choices change the conclusion of a meta-analysis?
- Preventive Protocols for Extraction in Antiresorptive Patients
Tooth extraction is a well-established primary risk factor for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in people taking antiresorptive drugs.
- Primary ALPR Studies on Stolen Vehicle Recovery and Arrest Rates
Patrols with automated license plate readers (ALPRs) produce more detection of stolen vehicles and auto thieves than patrols without them.
- Private Equity Nursing Home Ownership Effects on Bed Capacity and Staffing Levels
The only ownership-status comparison in this evidence set is Ontario long-term care data (Hsu 2016), and it points one direction: for-profit chain-owned homes provide less direct care than not-for-pr…
- Propensity Score Matching Covariate Balance Results (Abdulsalam Thesis Table 5.3)
None of the sources on this page is the Abdulsalam thesis or its Table 5.3.
- Property Tax Caps
Assessment caps work through a specific mechanism: they hold a property's taxable value below its market value for as long as the current owner stays put, and that gap resets to market value only at…
- Prospective (Not Retrospective) Studies of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Chronic Disease
The strongest signal in this claim set is that how maltreatment exposure is measured changes what turns up.
- Psychological and Needs-Based Interventions in CHR-P
The one meta-analytic claim on this page finds no measured difference between interventions.
- Public Biomedical Research Funding Returns
Two of the three underlying studies measure completely different things by "return," and neither reports a study that measured both, so the topic breaks into three separate evidence streams rather th…
- Quantified Accuracy and Miss Rates for AI-Based Traffic Detection Systems
The claims collected here measure detection accuracy for AI models classifying network traffic (DSCP manipulation and software-defined network intrusion detection), not visual/camera-based traffic en…
- Quantified Effect Size of Algorithmic/AI Hiring-Tool Bias versus Human Recruiters
The available evidence comes from one large-sample study of a recruiting platform's candidate-shortlisting data (58,765 jobs over 27 months), comparing gender fairness across AI-only, human-only, and…
- Quantified Effect Size of Information Treatments on Earmarking Preference
A randomized survey experiment (Fuchs 2019, Management Science) finds that allowing donors to earmark their contributions increases willingness to donate: the source reports this difference as statis…
- Quantified Effect Sizes for Bleemer (2021) UC Mismatch Findings
The core quantified evidence on this topic comes from Bleemer's (2021) SSRN paper on major restrictions inside the University of California system, using a dynamic difference-in-differences design wi…
- Quantified Magnitude of Fat Tax / Food Subsidy Incidence
A simulated New Zealand tax of NZ$2 per 100g of saturated fat raises retail prices in proportion to a food's fat content: butter by 71%, full-fat milk by 19%, sausages by 16%.
- Quantified Maintenance/Quality Differential Between Controlled and Uncontrolled Units
Several sources describe how the accuracy of automated monitoring and predictive-maintenance systems changes between narrow, controlled test conditions and broader, generalized deployment conditions.
- Quantified Mortality Effect Size of Supervised Injection Sites and Naloxone Access
The bystander-naloxone literature gives the most consistent quantified picture.
- Quantified Prevalence of Psychological Outcomes After Abortion Care
Across the claims collected here, one systematic review (Dumitriu B, 2025) supplies every number, drawing on 8 underlying studies plus a meta-analysis and a quasi-experimental difference-in-differenc…
- Quantitative Measurement of Social Risk Screening Rates Under Varying Referral Conditions
The strongest and most consistent finding in this evidence set is a gap between detection and referral.
- Quantitative Staffing/Caseload Ratios in Victim-Protection and Perinatal-Risk Services
The clearest signal in this evidence set is a null result: across 11 observational studies conducted in OECD settings, higher midwifery workload shows no measured effect on neonatal mortality or majo…
- Racial Disparity in Policing and Criminal Justice Outcomes
The strongest and most consistent evidence covers pretrial and sentencing outcomes.
- Randomized Controlled Trial Evidence for Puberty Blockers or Gender-Affirming Hormones
None of the sources collected here describe a randomized controlled trial of puberty blockers or gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT).
- Randomized or Cohort Trials of Estrogen Replacement on BMD in Hypogonadal Adults
The sources on this page do not contain a randomized or cohort trial of estrogen replacement on bone mineral density (BMD) in hypogonadal adults.
- Randomized or Quasi-Experimental Designs Isolating the Causal Effect of GAH/PB on Anxiety
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that positive psychology interventions increase subjective well-being relative to control conditions, with a pooled effect of d = 0.34 (95% CI [0…
- Ranked Choice Voting Effects
Ranked choice voting (RCV) elections can exhibit mathematical voting-rule failures, and real elections have produced them.
- Real-World Political-Economy Outcomes of Implemented Carbon Dividend vs Earmarked Designs
The evidence on implemented carbon-pricing revenue design is thin and comes from a single review source, but it covers three distinct outcomes: public support trajectories, awareness of revenue redis…
- Red-Light Camera Effect on Total Crashes Using Matched/Controlled Designs
The strongest-design estimate on this page — a meta-analysis restricted to controlled before-after and controlled interrupted time series studies (Cohn 2020) — finds no measured effect of red-light c…
- Redistricting and Gerrymandering Effects
Institutional design determines who draws lines, and who draws lines determines the direction of partisan bias.
- Redlining Scoping Review Individual Study Effect Sizes and Outcome List
The strongest causal evidence in this set comes from a randomized housing-voucher experiment, not from historical redlining maps directly: children whose families used an experimental voucher to move…
- Remission Rate by Follow-up Duration and Remission Definition in CHR-P Cohorts
All the evidence here comes from one cohort report: Seitz-Holland (2025), JAMA Network Open.
- Rent Control
The clearest and most consistent finding is that rents on controlled units sit well below market: controlled units in Cambridge, MA rented 25-40 percent below nearby non-controlled properties, and re…
- Replication of the Eligibility-Outreach RCT (Gerber 2014) in Other States or Time Periods
The direct experimental evidence on eligibility-outreach nudges for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) comes from Linos (2020), a large-scale randomized trial (N≈1 million) that varied the content,…
- Resourcing Thresholds for Victim Protection Service Adequacy
Two qualitative studies, both drawing on practitioner and provider reports rather than quantitative outcome data, describe a consistent pattern: when governments expand victim-protection legal framew…
- Romosozumab Cardiovascular Safety Magnitude
Randomized trials give a split picture that depends on the comparator.
- Romosozumab in Cancer and Multiple Myeloma Patients
The evidence on romosozumab in cancer and multiple myeloma patients is small and mostly indirect.
- Sales Excise Taxes
The clearest, most consistent thread across these sources is that pass-through of an excise tax to the retail price is not a fixed fraction — it swings from well under 100% to well over 100% dependin…
- Sander Mismatch Hypothesis Empirical Tests
The mismatch hypothesis holds that enrollment at a more-selective university may harm lower-testing students, especially those admitted through affirmative action.
- School Competition (Choice, Charter, Open Enrollment) and Test-Score Inequality
Charter-school achievement estimates vary sharply by identification strategy and location, and the studies do not agree on a single direction.
- School District Consolidation
The cost literature converges on a U-shaped relationship between district size and per-pupil spending: costs fall as districts grow from very small enrollments, bottom out at a mid-size enrollment, t…
- School Spending and Free Meals
Universal free meal programs (UFM, and its main implementation mechanism, the Community Eligibility Provision or CEP) show a consistent, positive relationship with academic performance and program pa…
- Sclerostin-Inhibitor Therapy and Cardiovascular Outcomes in CKD
The most direct trial evidence on this topic comes from people without CKD.
- Screening/Referral Rates Compared Across Different Referral Models (Opt-In vs Opt-Out)
For HPV screening, two referral models are compared directly against a baseline of standard invitation among under- or never-screened individuals: universal mail-out of hrHPV self-sampling kits and a…
- Selection-Induced Effect Inflation in Clinical Trials
Two kinds of selection can inflate what a trial appears to show.
- Selection-Rate Ratios for Deployed AI Hiring Tools by Protected Group
The claims on this page do not measure selection-rate ratios for deployed AI hiring tools.
- Sensitivity of Published Effect Sizes to Sample-Restriction Rules
The claims on this page do not measure sample-restriction rules such as inclusion criteria or exclusion cutoffs.
- Sentencing Mandatory Minimums
The best-identified estimate on this page comes from a single study of "add-on" gun laws — statutory sentence enhancements applied when a gun is used in a crime — using the addition of extra prison t…
- Sleep Interventions and Psychosis Risk
The strongest evidence on this page is for sleep outcomes, not psychosis outcomes.
- Sources of Heterogeneity in Red-Light Camera Crash Meta-Analyses
The measured evidence on red-light camera (RLC) crash effects is dominated by one finding: the individual study estimates disagree with each other far more than sampling error alone would produce.
- Specific Confounders Controlled in Higher-Quality RLC Crash Studies
Across the higher-quality studies in this set, the confounders that get explicit statistical control cluster into a small set: traffic-volume exposure, road geometry, and intersection type in general…
- State ALPR Data Retention and Sharing Laws
The sources on this page are thin.
- State Appropriation Cuts and Tuition Pass-Through
State and local appropriations for higher education fell from $8,200 per full-time-equivalent student in 1987 to $7,300 in 2010, an 11 percent decline, and separately were about $9 billion lower (inf…
- State Economic Development Incentives
Direct fiscal incentives for industrial decarbonization carry the clearest dose-response evidence on this page.
- State Pension Unfunded Liability and Funding
The evidence base for this topic is demographic and institutional, not US-state-specific: every source here covers a national pension system (Central America regionally, an EU-wide review, and Spain…
- State-Level Business Tax Credits, Relocation Subsidies, and Job-Creation Grants
The claims available for this topic split into two loosely connected strands: general evidence on state and local economic development policy and job growth, and firm-level evidence on R&D subsidies…
- Stated versus Revealed Preferences on Carbon Tax Revenue Recycling
Stated support for a carbon tax with a uniform dividend was low in the French survey.
- Subgroup and Moderator Analyses of CBT for CHR-P
The claims on this page do not cover the stated topic.
- Tooth Extraction as a Risk Modifier for MRONJ
Tooth extraction is the dental event most often tied to MRONJ in patients on antiresorptive drugs.
- Transgender Athlete Competitive Performance and Eligibility Outcomes
Testosterone suppression during gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) produces measurable declines in transgender women's physiological and athletic performance, but the rate and completeness of th…
- Transition Rates in Treatment-as-Usual Arms of Ultra-High-Risk Trials
The sources on this page give transition rates for people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) in general.
- UHR Conversion Rates in Non-Enrolled or Treatment-as-Usual Comparison Groups
The current sources on this page do not report conversion rates for a non-enrolled or treatment-as-usual comparison group.
- Vascular Mediation of Site-Specific BMD Response to Osteoanabolic Drugs
The sources on this page come from one review, Marenzana (2013), which covers how blood vessels may mediate the bone-building action of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- Vascular Sclerostin Expression and Wnt Signaling Outside Plaques
Sclerostin is present in vascular tissue.
- Victims Rights Implementation
Across contexts as different as Colombia's conflict-reparations program, Taiwan's intimate-image-offence law, Ghana's domestic violence agency, and child-protection services in Mozambique, the source…
- Voter ID
The largest and most recent quasi-experimental studies find no measured effect of voter ID laws on aggregate turnout.
- Voucher Effects on Educational Attainment (Graduation, College Enrollment)
The available evidence on "voucher effects on educational attainment" in this corpus comes entirely from housing-mobility voucher research (the Moving to Opportunity experiment and its literature), n…
- Voucher Program Long-Run Outcomes
The evidence on this page covers three different voucher programs: experimental and Section 8 housing vouchers, free or subsidized health-product vouchers, and simulated school vouchers.
- VPRAI (or Comparable Pretrial Risk-Assessment Instrument) Racial Gap Replication
Among defendants the VPRAI expects to reoffend or fail to appear, the tool recommends detention for 86.0% of Black defendants but only 49.3% of white defendants with the same expected risk (Hochstedl…
- Youth-Specific Athletic Performance Data After Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy
None of the claims here report a measured athletic-performance outcome — a race time, a competition result, a sport-specific test — in a youth cohort.